Today in History
August 31
1303The War of Vespers in Sicily ends with an agreement between Charles of Valois, who invaded the country, and Frederick, the ruler of Sicily.
1521Cortes captures the city of Tenochtitlan, Mexico, and sets it on fire.
1756The British at Fort William Henry, New York, surrender to Louis Montcalm of France.
1802Captain Merriwether Lewis leaves Pittsburgh to meet up with Captain William Clark and begin their trek to the Pacific Ocean.
1864At the Democratic convention in Chicago, General George B. McClellan is nominated for president.
1919The Communist Labor Party is founded in Chicago, with the motto, "Workers of the world unite!"
1928Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera opens in Berlin.
1940Joseph Avenol steps down as Secretary-General of the League of Nations.
1942The British army under General Bernard Law Montgomery defeats Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps in the Battle of Alam Halfa in Egypt.
1944The British Eighth Army penetrates the German Gothic Line in Italy.
1949Six of the 16 surviving Union veterans of the Civil War attend the last-ever encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, held in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1951The 1st Marine Division begins its attack on Bloody Ridge in Korea. The four-day battle results in 2,700 Marine casualties.
1961A concrete wall replaces the barbed wire fence that separates East and West Germany, it will be called the Berlin wall.
1994The Irish Republican Army (IRA) announces a "complete cessation of military operations," opening the way to a political settlement in Ireland for the first time in a quarter of a century.




Born on August 31
1811Théophile Gautier, French poet, novelist and author of Art for Art's Sake.
1870Maria Montessori, educator and founder of the Montessori schools.
1885Duboise Heyward, novelist, poet and dramatist best know for Porgy which was the basis for the opera Porgy and Bess.
1899Lynn Riggs, writer, her book Green Grow the Lilacs was adapted by Rodgers and Hammerstein to become Oklahoma.
1903Arthur Godfrey, radio and television personality.
1905Sanford Meisner, influential acting teacher.
1907Wiliam Shawn, longtime editor of The New Yorker.
1908Wiliam Saroyan, author and playwright (The Human Comedy).
1918Alan Jay Lerner, playwright and lyricist (Brigadoon, Camelot).
1918Daniel Schorr, journalist.
1935Eldridge Cleaver, political activist and author of Soul on Fire.
1936Marva Collins, innovative educator who started Chicago's one-room school, Westside Preparatory.
1945Van Morrison, Irish singer, songwriter.
1945Itzhak Perlman, violinist.

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